Downloads
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24306/TrAESOP.2024.01.005Keywords:
Displacement, solutions, private property, housing, conformoralityAbstract
Much scholarly discourse about the problems of and solutions to urban residential displacement has tended towards ‘conformorality’ and, in so doing, has overlooked certain key aspects for study. First, there has been a lack of interest in explaining the complex motives of displacers. Second, certain solutions to displacement have become so commonly espoused that their negative aspects have been obscured. Third, addressing these issues, this paper suggests new ways to confront ‘conformorality’ by encouraging scholars to engage with the deeper ethical and normative questions about displacement solutions that have, hitherto, not often been addressed. Through exploring these rarely discussed topics, scholars may be able create new or improved responses to displacement that target inherent issues.
How to Cite
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Brett Slack
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
Aramayona, Begoña and Susana Batel (2022) The ‘Urban Village’ versus the ‘City for Profit’: Querying NIMBY through a comparative analysis of touristification in Lisbon and Madrid. OBETS. Revista de Ciencias Sociales, 17(1), pp.47-62. https://doi.org/10.14198/OBETS2022.17.1.03.
Atkinson, Rowland (2015) Losing One’s Place: Narratives of Neighbourhood Change, Market Injustice and Symbolic Displacement. Housing, Theory and Society, 32(4), pp.373-388. https://doi.org/10.1080/14036096.2015.1053980.
Baiocchi, Gianpaolo, H. Jacob Carlson, Marnie Brady, Ned Crowley, and Sara Duvisac (2020) The case for a social housing development authority (policy proposal), NYU Urban Democracy Lab [Online] Available from: https://urbandemos.nyu. edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/SHDA-whitepaper-Nov2020.pdf Accessed [27/02/2024].
Batel, Susana and Patrick Devine-Wright (2020) Using NIMBY rhetoric as a political resource to negotiate responses to local energy infrastructure: a power line case study. Local Environment, 25(5), pp.338-350. https://doi.org/10.1080/1354 9839.2020.1747413.
Bejrum, Håkan and Austin J. Jaffe (1989) Landlord‐tenant contracts in Sweden and the United States: A test of alternative models of housing. Scandinavian Housing and Planning Research, 6(2), pp.67-81. https://doi. org/10.1080/02815738908730186.
Blumenfeld, Jacob (2023) Expropriation of the expropriators. Philosophy & Social Criticism, 49(4), pp.431-447. https:// doi.org/10.1177/01914537211059513.
Braakmann, Nils and Stephen McDonald (2020) Housing subsidies and property prices: Evidence from England. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 80, pp.1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2018.06.002.
Breijo, Stephanie (2022) This L.A. restaurant was excited to open. Then the graffiti and protests happened. Los Angeles Times [Online] Available from: https://www.latimes.com/food/story/2022-06-30/dunsmoor-restaurant-glassell-park-gentrification-is-genocide-protest Accessed [13/05/2024].
Bristol, Katharine G. (1991) The Pruitt-Igoe Myth. Journal of Architectural Education, 44(3), pp.163-171. https://doi.org/10 .1080/10464883.1991.11102687.
Burningham, Kate (2000) Using the Language of NIMBY: A topic for research, not an activity for researchers. Local Environment, 5(1), pp.55–67. https://doi.org/10.1080/135498300113264.
Cassidy, Mike and Janet Currie (2023) The effects of legal representation on tenant outcomes in housing court: Evidence from New York City’s Universal Access program. Journal of Public Economics, 222, pp.1-21. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2023.104844.
Chisholm, Elinor, Philippa Howden-Chapman and Geoff Fougere (2016) The Application of Hirschman’s Exit-voice Framework to Housing Studies: A Review and Some Ways Forward. Housing, Theory and Society, 33(4), pp.1-22. https:// doi.org/10.1080/14036096.2016.1188849.
Clark, Lynn (2007) Landlord attitudes toward renting to released offenders. Federal Probation, 71(1), pp.1-24 [Online] https://www.uscourts.gov/federal-probation-journal/2007/06/landlord-attitudes-toward-renting-released-offenders.
Dawkins, Casey (2020) The right to housing in an ownership society. Housing and Society, 47(2), pp.81-102. https://doi. org/10.1080/08882746.2020.1722055.
Decker, Nathaniel (2023) How landlords of small rental properties decide who gets housed and who gets evicted. Urban Affairs Review, 59(1), pp.170-199. https://doi.org/10.1177/10780874211041513.
Desilver, Drew (2021) As national eviction ban expires, a look at who rents and who owns in the U.S. Pew Research Center [Online] Available from: https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2021/08/02/as-national-eviction-ban-expires-a-look-at-who-rents-and-who-owns-in-the-u-s/ Accessed [27/02/2024].
Dethlefsen, Morgan (2023) Fane in Vain and Eminent Domain. Brown Political Review [Online] Available from: https:// brownpoliticalreview.org/2023/04/fane-vain-eminent-domain/ Accessed [27/02/2024].
Donovan, Mary and Nam Pham (2023) Examining the unintended consequences of rent control policies in cities across America. (Report) National Apartment Association [Online] Available from: https://www.naahq.org/sites/default/ files/2023-03/Examining%20the%20Unintended%20Consequences%20of%20Rent%20Control%20Policies%20in%20 Cities%20Across%20America.pdf Accessed [27/02/2024].
Essert, Christopher (2016) Property and Homelessness. Philosophy & Public Affairs, 44(4), pp.266-295.
Eurostat (2023) Businesses in the real estate activities sector. [Online] Available from: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/ statistics-explained/index.php?title=Businesses_in_the_real_estate_activities_sector#Structural_profile Accessed [27/02/2024].
Foote, Christopher, Kristopher Gerardi, Lorenz Goette, and Paul Willen (2010) Reducing foreclosures: No easy answers. NBER Macroeconomics Annual, 24, pp.89-138. https://doi.org/10.1086/648289.
Gibson, Timothy A. (2005) NIMBY and the Civic Good. City & Community, 4(4), pp.381-401. https://doi.org/10.1111/ j.1540-6040.2005.00144.x.
Glesby, Laura (2023) If They Don’t Fix It, Take It Away? New Haven Independent [Online] Available from: https://www. newhavenindependent.org/article/brennan_use_eminent_domain_up_floor_area_max Accessed [27/2/2024].
Golio, AJ, Grace Daniels, Russell Moran, Y. Frank Southall, and Tricia Lamoza (2022) Eviction Court Outcomes and Access to Procedural Knowledge: Evidence From a Tenant-Focused Intervention in New Orleans. Housing Policy Debate, 33(6), pp.1443-1462. https://doi.org/10.1080/10511482.2022.2112257.
Gustavussen, Mathilde Lind (2022) We can decommodify housing through eminent domain. Jacobin [Online] Available from: https://jacobin.com/2022/02/decommodify-housing-los-angeles-eminent-domain-affordable-housing Accessed [27/2/2024].
Hartman, Chester (1984) The Right to Stay Put. In Geislerand, Charles and Frank J. Popper (eds) Land Reform, American Style. Totowa, New Jersey: Rowman and Allanheld, pp.302-318.
Harvey, David (2008) The Right to the City. New Left Review, 53 (Sept/Oct), pp.23-40, https://newleftreview.org/issues/ ii53/articles/david-harvey-the-right-to-the-city.
Hirschman, Albert (1970) Exit, Voice, and Loyalty. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Hoekstra, Joris (2003) Housing and the Welfare State in the Netherlands: An Application of Esping-Andersen’s Typology. Housing, Theory and Society, 20(2), pp. 58-71. https://doi.org/10.1080/14036090310000634.
Hong Kong Housing Authority (2022) Special analysis of the situation of housing general applicants for public rental housing as at end-June 2022. (memorandum for the subsidised housing committee) Hong Kong, pp. 1-10, [Online] Available from: https://www.housingauthority.gov.hk/en/common/pdf/about-us/housing-authority/ha-paper-library/ SHC32-22EN.pdf Accessed [27/02/2024].
Hubbard, Phil and Loretta Lees (2018) The right to community? City, 22(1), pp.8-25. https://doi.org/10.1080/13604813.2 018.1432178.
Imbroscio, David (2004) Can we grant a right to place? Politics & Society, 32(4), pp.575-609. https://doi. org/10.1177/0032329204269981.
Jaffe, Austin J. (1989) Concepts of Property, Theories of Housing, and the Choice of Housing Policy. The Netherlands Journal of Housing and Environmental Research, 4(4), pp.311-320, https://www.jstor.org/stable/43928426.
Kholodilin, Konstantin A. and Sebastian Kohl (2023a) Do rent controls and other tenancy regulations affect new construction? Some answers from long-run historical evidence. International Journal of Housing Policy, 23(4), pp.671- 691. https://doi.org/10.1080/19491247.2022.2164398.
Kholodilin, Konstantin A. and Sebastian Kohl (2023b) Social policy or crowding-out? Tenant protection in comparative long-run perspective. Housing Studies, 38(4), pp.707-743. https://doi.org/10.1080/02673037.2021.1900796.
King, Chelsea (2018) Merging Inclusionary Zoning and Community Land Trusts to Increase Affordable Housing in Baltimore Without Displacing Neighborhoods. University of Baltimore Law Forum, 49 (1), https://scholarworks.law. ubalt.edu/lf/vol49/iss1/4.
Kingsley, Thomas, Robin Smith, and David Price (2009) The Impacts of Foreclosures on Families and Communities (report), Washington, DC: The Urban Institute.
Lefebvre, Henri (1968) Le Droit à la Ville (The Right to the City). Paris: Seuil.
Lisciandra, Chiara, Marie Postma-Nilsenová and Matteo Colombo (2013) Conformorality. A study on group conditioning of normative judgment. Review of Philosophy and Psychology, 4(4), pp.751-764, https://psycnet.apa.org/ doi/10.1007/s13164-013-0161-4.
Madden, David and Peter Marcuse (2016) In Defense of Housing: The Politics of Crisis. Brooklyn: Verso.
Marcuse, Peter (2009) From critical urban theory to the right to the city. City, 13(2-3), pp.185-197. https://doi. org/10.1080/13604810902982177.
Marsh, Alex, Kenneth Gibb and Adriana Mihaela Soaita (2023) Rent regulation: unpacking the debates. International Journal of Housing Policy, 23(4), pp.734-757. https://doi.org/10.1080/19491247.2022.2089079.
McElroy, Erin and Andrew Szeto (2017) The Racial Contours of YIMBY/NIMBY Bay Area Gentrification. Berkeley Planning Journal, 29(1), pp.7-46, https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4sw2g485.
Miller, Brian M. (2021) A Common-Law Remedy for the Eviction Epidemic. Missouri Law Review, 86(3), pp.795-856, https://scholarship.law.missouri.edu/mlr/vol86/iss3/6.
Mitchell, Don (2003) The Right to the City: Social Justice and the Fight for Public Space. New York: The Guilford Press.
Miura, Rinpei (2021) Rethinking gentrification and the right to the city: The process and effect of the urban social movement against redevelopment in Tokyo. International Journal of Japanese Sociology, 30(1), pp.64-79. https://doi. org/10.1111/ijjs.12123.
Murie, Alan (2013) Public Housing in Europe and North America. In Chen, Jie, Mark Stephens, and Yanyun Man (eds) The Future of Public Housing. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-41622-4_10.
National Low-Income Housing Coalition (2016) The long wait for a home. (one edition of a series of occasional research briefs) Housing Spotlight, 6 (1), [Online] Available from: https://nlihc.org/sites/default/files/HousingSpotlight_6-1.pdf Accessed [27/02/2024].
Newman, Kathe and Elvin K. Wyly (2006) The right to stay put, revisited: Gentrification and resistance to displacement in New York City. Urban Studies, 43(1), pp.23-57. https://doi.org/10.1080/00420980500388710.
Parlow, Matthew J. (2006) Unintended consequences: Eminent domain and affordable housing. Santa Clara Law Review, 46(4), pp.841-865, https://digitalcommons.law.scu.edu/lawreview/vol46/iss4/5/.
Pritchett, Wendell E. (2003) The ‘public menace’ of blight: Urban renewal and the private uses of eminent domain. Yale Law and Policy Review, 21, pp.1- 52, https://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/faculty_scholarship/1199.
Przybylinski, Stephen (2022) Without a right to remain: Property’s limits on Portland’s self-governing houseless encampments. Environment and Planning C: Politics and Space, 40(8), pp.1711-1726. https://doi. org/10.1177/23996544221103067.
Robinson, David and Justin Steil (2021) Eviction Dynamics in Market-Rate Multifamily Rental Housing. Housing Policy Debate, 31(3-5), pp.647-669. https://doi.org/10.1080/10511482.2020.1839936.
Rogers, Katie (2015) London Cafe’s Cereal, at $5 a Bowl, Sets Off Wrath. New York Times [Online] Available from: https:// www.nytimes.com/2015/09/29/world/europe/london-cereal-cafe-damaged-by-anti-gentrification-protests-was-unfairly-targeted-owner-says.html Accessed [13/05/2024].
Rorty, Richard (1996) What’s wrong with ‘rights.’ Harper’s Magazine [Online] Available from: https://harpers.org/ archive/1996/06/whats-wrong-with-rights/ Accessed [27/2/2024].
Shiffer-Sebba, Doron (2020) Understanding the Divergent Logics of Landlords: Circumstantial versus Deliberate Pathways. City & Community, 19, pp.1011-1037. https://doi.org/10.1111/cico.12490.
Slater, Tom (2021) From displacements to rent control and housing justice. Urban Geography, 42(5), pp. 701-712. https:// doi.org/10.1080/02723638.2021.1958473.
Snare, Frank (1972) The Concept of Property. American Philosophical Quarterly, 9(2), pp.200-206, https://www.jstor.org/ stable/20009439.
Soaita, Adriana Mihaela (2022) Everyday activism: Private tenants demand right to home. Housing Studies, pp. 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1080/02673037.2022.2036329.
Stabrowski, Filip (2015), Inclusionary Zoning and Exclusionary Development: The Politics of ‘Affordable Housing’ in North Brooklyn. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 39, pp.1120-1136. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468- 2427.12297.
Stehr, Philipp (2023) Expropriation as a measure of corporate reform: Learning from the Berlin initiative. European Journal of Political Theory, OnlineFirst, pp.1-22. https://doi.org/10.1177/14748851231197799.
The Times Editorial Board (2017) Boyle Heights anti-gentrification activists hurt their cause by making it about race, rather than economics. Los Angeles Times [Online] Available from: https://www.latimes.com/opinion/editorials/la-ed-gentrification-boyle-heights-race-20170721-story.html Accessed [13/05/2024].
Tushnet, Mark (1984) An Essay on Rights. Texas Law Review, 62(8), pp.1363-1403.
Urban, David and Alena Kajanová (2021) Positives and negatives of social housing. Journal of Nursing, Social Studies, Public Health and Rehabilitation, 2021(1-2), pp.15-23, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/353030229_Positives_ and_negatives_of_social_housing.
White, Alan (2009) Deleveraging the American Homeowner: The Failure of 2008 Voluntary Mortgage Contract Modifications. Connecticut Law Review, 41(4), pp.1107-1131, https://digitalcommons.lib.uconn.edu/law_review/23/.
Woods, Andrew K. (2015) The Limits of Moral Intuitions for Human Rights Advocacy. The Law and Ethics of Human Rights, 9(1), pp.91-111. https://doi.org/10.1515/lehr-2015-0002.
Wyly, Elvin (2022) YIMBY: The Latest Frontier of Gentrification. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 46(2), pp.319-330. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2427.13067.
Ye, Xinyue, Grace Zhao, Qiong Peng, Casey Dawkins, Jinyhup Kim, and Ling Wu (2024) Global Trends in Housing Research over the Past three Decades. Computational Urban Science, 4(17), pp.1-15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43762-024- 00129-x
